tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35189493829948414592024-03-05T14:30:03.806+05:30FREE GPAT TEST ONLINEwww.gpattestonline.comGPAT TEST ONLINEhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16727000237626150161noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3518949382994841459.post-19039138942325738722017-07-09T13:17:00.001+05:302017-09-20T15:52:47.646+05:30Different departments in a Pharmaceutical Company<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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"This Article would be helpful for freshers, starting there career in <b>Pharmaceutical Industry</b> and to understand what actually the Pharmaceutical Industry is! and how many possible departments are present in a Company"</h2>
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Basically, Pharmaceutical Company pumps in too much of Infrastructure, Technology, Manpower, huge amount of material management from one's ware house to offshore customers.</div>
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And after all this risk pertaining situation, still their is BIGGEST Hurdle that one has to overcome, that is USFDA-Audit.</div>
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To, pass swiftly from all this above assessment, the smooth working and amalgamation of all the department is key to success.</div>
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Generally, we can divide Pharmaceutical organization in three parts:</h3>
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A. Corporate Office </h3>
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B. Research & Development Facility</h3>
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C. Production Units</h3>
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All, Functional units or Departments in Pharmaceutical Company can roughly divide in above categories.</div>
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We, will discuss above category in brief and definitely have a clear idea regarding all departments.</div>
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A. Corporate Office:</h3>
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Corporate office, is place from where all the actions are planned and monitored. we can say, Corporate office is a functional unit of whole organization. </div>
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For the successful business, growth, profit, expansions the department is responsible is Corporate office. For fame of company they are responsible and also for blame they are only responsible.</div>
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Department which are active at Corporate are as follows:</div>
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<li><b>CEO Office:</b> Chief Executive Officer, is the most important person and working force for all organization. He heads and act as a Head of all Departments at Corporate office. His decisions matters a lot, can took to the company name, growth, fame to the height of sky and the same to the depth of bankruptcy.</li>
<li><b>Business development: </b>Business development is a department which earns the money for the company. They have to plan to reach the highest point in terms of sales of product as well as monitor the competitors action. Focus on either possible ways of extensive marketing policy and attracting customers and maintaining the healthy relationship in terms of business to keep to rising and growing.<br /> <i>Qualification to Work in Business Development: </i><span style="font-style: italic;">MBA from Top Management School, Pharma MBA is also preferred, BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration)</span></li>
<li><b>Marketing: </b> Marketing works for the sales, promotion of the products in the portfolio. Their work is target oriented within tight timelines. <br /><i>Qualification: MBA is preferred, Bachelor of Pharmacy, or Diploma in Pharmacy can work in this department.</i></li>
<li><b>Accounts:</b> Accounts department responsible for all the payment onshore as well as offshore. As Pharmaceutical market in located all over the globe, accounts deals with all the national as well as international transactions. They also tracks all the taxes, profit and loss for whole year. <i>Qualification: Masters/Bachelor of Commerce, Chartered Accountants.</i></li>
<li><b>Import and Export:</b> Operates for smooth transportation of Products from place to place or country to country.<br /><i>Qualification: MBA, or Experience in a Field.</i></li>
<li><b>Portfolio Management</b>: This Department takes decision for Company Product Portfolio, means which product is to included or should be excluded from Portfolio. We can say they are product forecasting department for company. <br /><i>Qualification: M.Pharmacy, Business Analytics, One has to perform too much of different analysis.</i></li>
<li><b>Licensing: </b>This Department looks after the different Licenses mandatory for Pharma-company as per State and Central Government of India.<br /><i>Qualification: Any Degree holder with a experience in the field.</i></li>
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B. Research & Development:</h3>
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Research & Development facility are of different type as per the requirement of company. One can consider the Research & Development facility as a generalized term for different R&D.</div>
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First, I will enlist some different type of R&D:</div>
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<li><b>Formulation R&D:</b> Research regarding different formulation is carried out here.Research limited to Formulation only.</li>
<li><b>Analytical R&D:</b> Research is focus and confined to analysis of different samples or products. Analysis by using different analytical instrument like NMR, MASS, DSC, FTIR, HPLC, XRD and TG etc.</li>
<li><b>Synthetic R&D:</b> Research is focused on synthetic reactions where, new synthetic routes or new compounds are synthesized.</li>
<li><b>Drug-Discovery R&D:</b> From scratch the product development or discovery is started. Different techniques or process are incorporated for outcome of a complex new molecules.</li>
<li><b>Clinical R&D: </b>Clinical research is carried on animals or on human subjects. Clinical trials are carried out in this R&D facility.</li>
<li><b>Bio analytical R&D:</b> Research is focus on trials of drug on human subject, Evaluate the Molecules for Bio-availability or Bio-equivalence studies.</li>
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Different department collaboratively working in R&D:</h4>
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<li><b>R&D department:</b> This R&D may any of the one mentioned in above points.<br /><i>Qualification: PhD, M.Pharmacy, M. Science, B.Pharmacy, B.Science</i></li>
<li><b>QA department: </b>QA assures the quality work done. With the documentary proof for all the workdone. Its one of the major role is facing Audits as well as training for employee.<br /><i>Qualification: M.Pharmacy (Quality Assurance), M.science</i></li>
<li><b>Regulatory Affairs: </b>Role of this department is to carry out different filing to USFDA, EMEA. As, per prescribed format and timelines. They, has to file the (Drug Master Dossier) DMF to USFDA and (Certificate of Suitability) CEP to EMEA europe regarding their products.<br /><i>Qualification: PhD, M.Pharmacy (Regulatory Affairs) (Pharmaceutics)</i></li>
<li><b>Project Management: </b>Responsible for getting workdone by other department within specific mentioned timelines.<br /><i>Qualification: M.Pharmacy, MBA<br /><b><br /></b></i></li>
<li><b>Intellectual Property Management: </b>Responsible for patent filing for new inventions and internal R&D support.<br /><i>Qualification: PhD, M.Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics) (Pharmaceutical chemistry)</i></li>
<li><b>Quality Control:</b> They perform the quality check for all raw material as well as finished products.<br /><i>Qualification: PhD, M.Pharmacy, M.Science</i></li>
<li><b>Supply Chain:</b> Maintains and Procures the material as per requirement of R&D.</li>
<li><b>Purchase: </b>Responsible for Purchase of all materials at the site.</li>
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C. Manufacturing Units:</h3>
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Manufacturing unit is a place where this valued product is manufactured at specific guidelines required by FDA.</div>
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Manufacturing facility may differ from formulation to formulation. Below are different formulation which required different setup for formulation.</div>
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<li>Tablets- Oral solid dosage form</li>
<li>Capsules</li>
<li>Pareneterals</li>
<li>Suspensions, Emulsions</li>
<li>Metered dosage Forms</li>
<li>Nutraceuticals etc</li>
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<b>Disclaimer: Author is not imitating any organizations or company, the total article is only for information for young professionals in Pharma field. </b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07304417995681323619noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3518949382994841459.post-49221495823560137542015-10-14T23:03:00.002+05:302015-12-14T11:19:15.464+05:30UltraViolet-Spectroscopy <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ultra-violet spectroscopy/Spectrometry</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ultraviolet/Visible absorption spectroscopy is a measurement of attenuated beam of light after passing through a sample or after reflecting from a sample surface. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Basic Principle</b>: Valence shell electronic transition</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKFnOJdvqcx_RnU_lArk10Em7hw3NdvANPPtsO2Ex_4XOHcfIDc-ezv5GhV_xvbokhCV90QssT4PoqriK4IAx5WzhFWi7nLPxJDmY-y3Ont51TZqy2wgPtWHLiIWh9xU_gvB8a5_SqBEma/s1600/Uv-spectroscopy-principle.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKFnOJdvqcx_RnU_lArk10Em7hw3NdvANPPtsO2Ex_4XOHcfIDc-ezv5GhV_xvbokhCV90QssT4PoqriK4IAx5WzhFWi7nLPxJDmY-y3Ont51TZqy2wgPtWHLiIWh9xU_gvB8a5_SqBEma/s400/Uv-spectroscopy-principle.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Application of UV-Spectroscopy:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Detection of functional group.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Detection of impurities.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Qualitative analysis and Quantitative analysis.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Single compound without chromophore.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Identify drugs with chromophoric reagent.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">To identify the conjugated compounds.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Instrumentation of UV-Spectroscopy:</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRJrHaexTTFv10Zmxts2FKBguikeqSSScaI3YrHHMs62HBgygbqAR8xPlZfH-avUIC__f3Qck3LUOhU2l4SzpCF94ozANbhdKZp8fXOe1sUqFN8ZRTKJm4VUtvbka7yLVMRZ2WBTxArXpo/s1600/ray-diagram-UV-spectroscopy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRJrHaexTTFv10Zmxts2FKBguikeqSSScaI3YrHHMs62HBgygbqAR8xPlZfH-avUIC__f3Qck3LUOhU2l4SzpCF94ozANbhdKZp8fXOe1sUqFN8ZRTKJm4VUtvbka7yLVMRZ2WBTxArXpo/s640/ray-diagram-UV-spectroscopy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span id="goog_2022586796"></span><span id="goog_2022586797"></span><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Monochromator:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">A wavelength selector that uses diffraction grating or prism and allows continuous variation of nominal wavelength.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Filter:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">A wavelength selector that uses either absorption and destructive interference to control range of selected wavelength.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Absorption filter: Narrow effective bandwidth 30 to 250 nm and maximum throughput 10%</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Interference filter: Narrow effective bandwidth 10 to 20 nm and maximum throughput 40% </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Stray light:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Stray light is a light in a optical system, which not intended in the design of instrument/spectroscopy.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In short, it is a unwanted light present in the optical system.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This problem is overcome by using double monochromators in the instrumentation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Chromophore:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Chromophore is part of a molecule or a structure, which is responsible for colour of the molecule or compound. The colour is obtained by absorbing one of the visible wavelength and reflecting back the remaining ones.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Auxochrome:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">An </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxochrome" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Auxochrome"><span style="color: black;">auxochrome</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> is a functional group of atoms attached to the chromophore which modifies the ability of the chromophore to absorb light, altering the wavelength or intensity of the absorption.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>List of detectors and principle:</b> </span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Detector <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Composition<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Principle<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Bolometer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Pt strip in
evacuated vessel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Resistance change<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Thermocouple and
Thermophile<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Two dissimilar metals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Ex: Bismuth and Antimony<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Voltage or EMF change at junction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Goley Cell <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Xenon gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Membrane
displacement or expansion of gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Pyroelectric <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Triglycerine sulphate used as a
medium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Electric polarization producing
current.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Thermister<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Oxide of Co, Mg, Ni<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Resistance change<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07304417995681323619noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3518949382994841459.post-67449136693836914582015-10-14T21:54:00.000+05:302015-10-14T21:54:47.191+05:30Presenting a AMAZING Android APP of gpattestonline.com <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Hello people,<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07304417995681323619noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3518949382994841459.post-49025432884702025772014-12-30T19:47:00.000+05:302014-12-30T19:47:55.705+05:30Classification of Drugs acting on central and peripheral nervous system<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">ANTI-PSYCHOTIC DRUGS</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Anti-psychotics are used in used different clinical diseases such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder,bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder, insomnia, dementia.</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>Classification based on Generations (1st, 2nd)</u></b></span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw9dd-6JAm5Ll5tF0cs53fJOEclUlyaI0TFquk27JPVHBCxiV-8UdRZ7yRk0lVK-tH5IjHsiCsjfv1FcC9d3bDusuHmQLORF6lr5XXh9gtQMfyxTP2y7U_8nLP7_X4TDc-epK2i_R-_IyZ/s1600/anti+psy+1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw9dd-6JAm5Ll5tF0cs53fJOEclUlyaI0TFquk27JPVHBCxiV-8UdRZ7yRk0lVK-tH5IjHsiCsjfv1FcC9d3bDusuHmQLORF6lr5XXh9gtQMfyxTP2y7U_8nLP7_X4TDc-epK2i_R-_IyZ/s1600/anti+psy+1.PNG" height="476" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b><u>Classification based on typical and atypical type of anti-psychotic:</u></b></span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4rE79tM_-HU63xP3fKGjEMwYqzNMBfaA1oTe6DsY0cvOm3KEVPKQyYuLh1u-pDFsNap5Cbzrg1yj1Q-1GVqXLhFMb6Qj7789liNhbiVUDCdhQdikbDsNuOlDg7MUBTM7C2KqxhRH-bQQD/s1600/atp+2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4rE79tM_-HU63xP3fKGjEMwYqzNMBfaA1oTe6DsY0cvOm3KEVPKQyYuLh1u-pDFsNap5Cbzrg1yj1Q-1GVqXLhFMb6Qj7789liNhbiVUDCdhQdikbDsNuOlDg7MUBTM7C2KqxhRH-bQQD/s1600/atp+2.PNG" height="454" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><u>Mechanism of anti-psychotic Drugs:</u></span></h3>
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<li><span style="font-size: large;">General mechanism:</span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Raz1iNbQSpLr8dwwsebYfGpAfFs4OqEje8_jadJ8jwnihrTZo_n-3QOqDe6BSGrjJYtoChB6qV7QJlYAcv007DyXU0Zgkrfw73r-WV11vOazu0iQepFQaqLbc53lD-7VrCm1xqzPSbDH/s1600/atp3.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Raz1iNbQSpLr8dwwsebYfGpAfFs4OqEje8_jadJ8jwnihrTZo_n-3QOqDe6BSGrjJYtoChB6qV7QJlYAcv007DyXU0Zgkrfw73r-WV11vOazu0iQepFQaqLbc53lD-7VrCm1xqzPSbDH/s1600/atp3.PNG" height="420" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Some important mechanism of anti-psychotic drugs :</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPk17Q4LmnNuqMyj1iMrX4b9sL4FNYw9_VFO_Yk3ykKvZdEKT37X-DytiMojtYxADDC1zUVydW9up59Mcs6_Ow7izdlvR7m2gns3OPOaGcHyX9NDduYQs5j6YXzTA638_RZAni5Ec7k_3b/s1600/atp4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPk17Q4LmnNuqMyj1iMrX4b9sL4FNYw9_VFO_Yk3ykKvZdEKT37X-DytiMojtYxADDC1zUVydW9up59Mcs6_Ow7izdlvR7m2gns3OPOaGcHyX9NDduYQs5j6YXzTA638_RZAni5Ec7k_3b/s1600/atp4.PNG" height="476" width="640" /></a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07304417995681323619noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3518949382994841459.post-28152584225390573742014-12-23T21:15:00.000+05:302014-12-23T21:15:18.956+05:30gpattestonline.com: Soon we are Introducing a full fledged complete new "LIVE GPAT TEST" of 125 questions be prepare for the exam.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07304417995681323619noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3518949382994841459.post-15773921596111554132014-12-01T22:18:00.001+05:302014-12-01T22:18:59.194+05:30IMPORTANT TABLE OF PHARMACOGNOSY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Calcium oxalate crystals shape and examples of sources:</h3>
<h3>
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<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Type of Calcium oxalate crystals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Examples<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Prism/Single crystals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Quillaia bark, liquorice, quassia wood, hyocyamus, clove stalk, senna, cascara, rauwolfia, kurchi, coca<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cluster Crystals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Senna leaf, Stramonium leaf, rhubarb, clove, wild cherry bark<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rosette crystals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rhubarb, umbelliferous fruits(coriander, fennel, anise, celery)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Acicular Crystals/ Raphides<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Single Acicular – Gentian root, cinnamon bark, gentian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bundle of acicular – squill , ipecac root<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Micro Crystals/ Crystals sand/ Micro sphenoid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cinchona, belladonna leaf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Absent<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Digitalis and aloe</span></div>
</td></tr>
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</h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9bF917Wo932iob-E7Ee1VoChx8A9TJYGaIsYR4XvS8c-O4PQ1wOPtBtE4iASqtZ_p_CzkY7ohS_D9AQEnpEYYFB32TFXIb031sj23WN03Ubae_W6ow0YHKvR7vlVWS0OIaEC72KsyKH1r/s1600/cc2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9bF917Wo932iob-E7Ee1VoChx8A9TJYGaIsYR4XvS8c-O4PQ1wOPtBtE4iASqtZ_p_CzkY7ohS_D9AQEnpEYYFB32TFXIb031sj23WN03Ubae_W6ow0YHKvR7vlVWS0OIaEC72KsyKH1r/s1600/cc2.PNG" height="118" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Different shape of calcium oxalate crystals</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYdex7eNFTDzi1yYBMHauYepWFGmZO9jYlT4UDvaWA74Ikx3f9R3yUD2lSc0pw8c6vWtobUx5A6RogMH_5rvuMXnnBXoENBaPaM3Vlw1T4_kacRbN0vRunFTQV7qeWyl0bOk0267w0ep6E/s1600/cc1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYdex7eNFTDzi1yYBMHauYepWFGmZO9jYlT4UDvaWA74Ikx3f9R3yUD2lSc0pw8c6vWtobUx5A6RogMH_5rvuMXnnBXoENBaPaM3Vlw1T4_kacRbN0vRunFTQV7qeWyl0bOk0267w0ep6E/s1600/cc1.jpg" height="132" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Actual crystals under microscope</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
</tbody></table>
</h3>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07304417995681323619noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3518949382994841459.post-32599735628899287542014-11-30T21:38:00.001+05:302014-12-02T22:27:46.913+05:30Tablets<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>TABLET</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Types of tablet:</h3>
<div>
A. Immediate release tablets: The tablet is intended to release rapidly after administration, or the tablet is dissolved and administered as solution. </div>
<div>
Most common types are:</div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Disintegrating tablets </li>
<li>Chewable tablets</li>
<li>Effervescent tablet</li>
<li>Sublingual and buccal tablets </li>
<li>Lozenges</li>
</ol>
B.Modified release tablets : They have release features based on, time, course or location and must be swallowed intact.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkUiJwTbPU3qHzeK8iqxwH3x6NYGMhredWhE8EUAliSEBTKLM1yzWBtyz8z_cSt0NrUEUQUF2a7rDbbkikL1yeouJYhcHknF_nYsFYjjTWD6Djk_F3JzPyPFLs6M2NraxOgu0gfSLr9DFr/s1600/gto+b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkUiJwTbPU3qHzeK8iqxwH3x6NYGMhredWhE8EUAliSEBTKLM1yzWBtyz8z_cSt0NrUEUQUF2a7rDbbkikL1yeouJYhcHknF_nYsFYjjTWD6Djk_F3JzPyPFLs6M2NraxOgu0gfSLr9DFr/s1600/gto+b.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Classification of lubricants:</h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Insoluble
Lubricants</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Concentration</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Comments</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Stearate(magnesium
S., Calcium S., Sodium s.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0.25-1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Reduce
tablet strength, prolong disintegration, widely used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Talc
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1-2
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Insoluble
but not hydrophobic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Glycerylbehapate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1-5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Both
lubricant and Binder<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Liquid
paraffin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Up
to 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dispersion
problem, inferior to stearate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
List of water soluble lubricants:</h3>
</div>
<div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Water
soluble lubricants </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Concentration
range (%w/w)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Boric
acid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sodium
benzoate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sodium
oleate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sodium
acetate <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sodium
Lauryl sulphate(SLS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1-5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Magnesium
lauryl sulphate (MLS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1-2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">BINDERS:</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Binders or adhesives are the substances that promote cohesiveness. It is utilized for converting powder into granules through a process known as granulation.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Classification of binders:</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sugars<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Natural binders<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Synthetic/Semi-synthetic Polymer<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sucrose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Acacia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Methyl
cellulose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Liquid
glucose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tragacanth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ethyl
cellulose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gelatin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hydroxy
Propyl Methyl Cellulose(HPMC)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Strach
paste<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hydroxy
Propyl Cellulose(HPC)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pregelatinised
starch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sodium
Carboxy Methyl Cellulose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alginic
Acid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Polyvinyl
Pyrrolidone<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.0pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cellulose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Polyethylene
glycol(PEG)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Polyvinyl
Alcohols, Poly methacrylates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07304417995681323619noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3518949382994841459.post-9577254246433348492014-11-26T09:11:00.002+05:302014-11-26T09:11:37.808+05:30GPAT-2015 , official notification by AICTE...Exam dates are 23rd and 24th of Feb. 2015 Best of Luck to all from gpattestonline.com<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07304417995681323619noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3518949382994841459.post-35205038022214202252014-10-28T15:36:00.000+05:302014-10-28T21:37:53.318+05:30SYLLABUS FOR GPAT (General Pharma Aptitude Test ) as per AICTE.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<strong><span style="color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">gpattestonline.com gpattestonline.com gpattestonline.com </span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><em>PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY</em></span></strong></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Inorganic pharmaceutical & medicinal chemistry:</span></u></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Importance of inorganic compounds in pharmacy and medicine; sulphate and special tests if any of the following classes of inorganic pharmaceuticals included in Indian Pharmacopoeia.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
An outline of methods of preparation, uses, , tests for purity and identity,</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">including limit tests for iron, arsenic, lead, heavy metals, chloride, sulphate and special tests if any, of the following classes of inorganic pharmaceuticals included in Indian Pharmacopoeia,sources of impurities.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Gastrointestinal Agents:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Acidifying agents, Antacids, Protectives and Adsorbents,Cathartics.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Major Intra- and Extra-cellular Electrolytes:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Physiological ions. Electrolytes used for replacement therapy, acid-base balance and combination </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">therapy;</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Essential and Trace Elements:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Transition elements and their compounds of pharmaceutical importance, Iron and haematinics,</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">mineral supplements; Cationic and anionic components of inorganic drugs useful for systemic </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">effects;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Topical Agents:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Protectives, Astringents and Anti-infectives.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Gases and Vapors:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Oxygen, Anesthetics (inorganic) and Respiratory stimulants;</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Dental Products:</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Dentifrices, Anti-caries agents; Complexing and chelating agents used in therapy;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Miscellaneous Agents:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Sclerosing agents, Expectorants, Emetics, Inorganic poisons and antidotes.</span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Pharmaceutical Aids Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Anti-oxidants, Preservatives, Filter aids, Adsorbents, Diluents, Excipients, Suspending agents,</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Colorants;</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Acids, Bases and Buffers:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation,</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">stability, buffered isotonic solutions, measurements of tonicity,</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">calculations and methods of </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">adjusting isotonicity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Inorganic Radiopharmaceuticals:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Nuclear reaction, radioisotopes, radiopharmaceuticals, Nomenclature, Methods of obtaining their</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
standards and units of activity, half-life, measurement of activity, clinical applications, dosage,</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">hazards and precautions, and its importance.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><u>Physical Chemistry and its importance in pharmacy</u></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Importance of basic fundamentals of physical chemistry in pharmacy:</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Behavior of Gases, Kinetic theory of gases,and deviation from ideal behavior and explanation.</span></div>
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">The Liquid State:</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Physical properties (surface tension, parachor, viscosity, refractive index, dipole moment);</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Solutions:</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Ideal and real solutions and, solutions of gases in liquids, colligative properties, partition coefficient,</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
conductance and its measurement, Debye Huckel theory, and its application.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Thermodynamics:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">First, Second and Third laws, Zeroth law, Concept of free energy, enthalpy and entropy, absolute </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">temperature scale;</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Thermochemical equations; Phase rule; Adsorption:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Freudlich and Gibbs adsorption, isotherms, Langmuir’s theory of adsorption and mechanism.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Photochemistry:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Consequences of light absorption theory , Jabolenski diagram, Quantum efficiency;</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Chemical Kinetics:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Zero, First and Second order reactions, complex reactions, theories of reaction kinetics, </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid base and enzyme catalysis; and its application.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Quantum Mechanics :</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Postulates of quantum mechanics, operators in quantum mechanics, the Schrodinger wave </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">equation with examples.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<u><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Organic Chemistry and its importance in pharmacy</span></u></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Importance of fundamentals of organic chemistry in pharmaceutical sciences; </span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Structure and Properties:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Atomic orbitals, Atomic structures , Molecular orbital theory, wave equation, Molecular orbitals,</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">
<strong></strong></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Bonding and Anti-bonding orbitals, Covalent bond, Hybrid orbitals, Intramolecular forces, Bond </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">dissociation energy, Polarity of molecules, Polarity of bonds, Structure and physical properties,</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Intermolecular forces, Acids and bases;</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Stereochemistry:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Nomenclature, isomerism, stereoisomerism, conformational and configurational isomerism, </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">optical activity, specification of configuration, Reactions involving stereoisomers, chirality,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
conformations, with examples.</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Stereoselective and stereospecific reactions; Structure. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Nomenclature, Preparation and Reactions of:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Cyclic analogs, Dienes, Benzene, Polynuclear aromatic compounds,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Arenes, Alkyl halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, Phenols, Aldehydes and ketones,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Carboxylic acids, Functional derivatives of' carboxylic acids, a,ß-Unsaturated carbonyl </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">compounds, Reactive intermediates- carbocations, carbanions, carbenes and nitrenes;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Reactivity and orientation; with examples.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Addition Reactions; Rearrangements</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
(Beckman, Hoffman, Benzilic acid, pinacole-pinacolone and Bayer-Villager).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Elimination reactions; Conservation of Orbital Symmetry and Rules:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Electrocyclic, Cycloaddition and Sigmatropic reactions;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Neighboring group effects; Catalysis by transition metal complexes; Heterocyclic Compounds:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Nomenclature, preparation, properties and reactions of 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7-membered heterocycles </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">with one or two heteroatoms like 0, N, S. Chemistry of lipids, Carbohydrates and Proteins.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<em><strong><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><u>BIOCHEMISTRY</u></span></strong></em></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Biochemistry in pharmaceutical sciences:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
The concept of free energy, Determination of change in free energy - from equilibrium constant</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
and reduction potential, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological significance;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Enzymes:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Nomenclature, enzyme kinetics and their mechanism of action, mechanism of inhibition, enzymes </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">and iso-enzymes in clinical diagnosis.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Co-enzymes:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Vitamins as co-enzymes and their significance. Metals as cofactors and their significance; </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Carbohydrate Metabolism: Conversion of polysaccharides to glucose-1-phosphate, Glycolysis,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">and galactosemia, Role of sugar nucleotides in biosynthesis, and Pentose phosphate pathway;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">The Citric Acid Cycle:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Significance, reactions and energetics of the cycle, Amphibolic role of the cycle, and Glyoxalic </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">acid cycle;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Lipids Metabolism :</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Oxidation of fatty acids, ß-oxidation & energetics, biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">utilization, biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Control of lipid metabolism,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Essential fatty acids & eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes), </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">phospholipids, and sphingolipids, Biosynthesis of eicosanoids, cholesterol, androgens,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
progesterone, estrogens corticosteroids and bile acids.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Biological Oxidation:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Redox-potential, enzymes and co-enzymes involved in oxidation reduction & its control, The </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">respiratory chain, its role in energy capture and its control, energetics of oxidative</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
phosphorylation. Inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, Mechanism of </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">oxidative phosphorylation.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Metabolism of ammonia and nitrogen containing monomers:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Nitrogen balance, Biosynthesis of amino acids, Catabolism of amino acids, Conversion of amino </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">acids to specialized products, Assimilation of ammonia, Urea cycle, metabolic disorders of urea</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
cycle, Metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<strong></strong><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Purine biosynthesis:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Purine nucleotide inter-conversions.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Pyrimidine biosynthesis and formation of deoxyribounucleotides.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Brief introduction of genetic organization of the mammalian genome, alteration and </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">rearrangements of genetic material, Biosynthesis of DNA and its replications.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Mutation:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Physical & chemical mutagenesis/carcinogenesis, DNA repair mechanism. Biosynthesis of RNA;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Genetic code, Components of protein synthesis and Inhibition of protein synthesis.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<em><u><strong><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY</span></strong></u></em></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Basic Principles:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Physico-chemical and stereoisomeric (Optical, geometrical) aspects of drug molecules and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
biological action, Bioisosterism, Drug-receptor interactions including transduction mechanisms;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Drug metabolism and Concept of Prodrugs; Principles of Drug Design (Theoretical Aspects):</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Traditional analog and mechanism based approaches, QSAR approaches, Applications of quantum </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">mechanics, Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD) and molecular modeling.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Synthetic Procedures, Mode of Action, Uses, Structure Activity Relationships including Physicochemical</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Properties of the Following Classes of Drugs:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Drugs acting at synaptic and neuro-effector junction sites: Cholinergics, anti-cholinergics and </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">cholinesterase inhibitors, Adrenergic drugs, Antispasmodic and anti-ulcer drugs, Local</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Anesthetics, Neuromuscular blocking agents.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Autacoids:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Antihistamines, Eicosanoids, Analgesic-antipyretics, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroidal) agents.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Steroidal Drugs:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Steroidal nomenclature (IUPAC) and stereochemistry, Androgens and anabolic agents, Estrogens</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
and Progestational agents, Oral contraceptives, Adrenocorticoids;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Drugs acting on the central nervous system:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
General Anesthetics, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Anticonvulsants, Anti-Parkinsonian drugs,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Psychopharmacological agents (Neuroleptics, Anti-depressants, Anxiolytics), Opioid analgesics,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Anti-tussives, CNS stimulants.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Diuretics; Cardiovascular drugs:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Anti-hypertensives, Anti-arrythmic agents, anti-anginal agents, Cardiotonics, Anti-hyperlipedemic</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
agents, Anticoagulants and Anti-platelet drugs.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Thyroid and Anti thyroid drugs; Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Chemotherapeutic Agents used in bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoal, parasitic and other</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">infections, Antibiotics: ß-Lactam, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, polypeptide</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">antibiotics, fluoroquinolones,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Anti-metabolites (including sulfonamides); Anti-neoplastic agents; Anti-viral agents (including anti–HIV);</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Immunosuppressives and immunostimulants; Diagnostic agents; Pharmaceutical Aids.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Microbial Transformations:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Introduction, types of reactions mediated by micro-organisms, design of biotransformation</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
processes, selection of organisms, biotransformation process and its improvements with special</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
reference to steroids.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Enzyme Immobilization:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Techniques of immobilization, factors affecting enzyme kinetics, Study of enzymes such as</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
hyaluronidase, penicillinase, streptokinase, amylases and proteases, Immobilization of bacteria</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
and plant cells.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><u><em><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS</span></em></u></b></div>
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Different techniques of pharmaceutical analysis, Preliminaries and definitions:</span></b></div>
<b>
</b>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Significant figures, Rules for retaining significant digits, Types of errors, Mean deviation, Standard</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
deviation, Statistical treatment of small data sets, Selection of sample, Precision and accuracy.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Fundamentals of volumetric analysis:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Methods of expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Acid Base Titrations:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Acid base concepts, Role of solvents, Relative strengths of acids and bases, Ionization, Law of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
mass action, Common ion effect, Ionic product of water, pH, Hydrolysis of salts, Henderson-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Hasselbach equation, Buffer solutions, Neutralization curves, Acid-base indicators, Theory of </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">indicators, Choice of indicators, Mixed indicators, Polyprotic systems, Polyamine and amino acid</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
systems, Amino acid titrations.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Oxidation Reduction Titrations:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Concepts of oxidation and reduction, Redox reactions, Strengths and equivalent weights of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
oxidizing and reducing agents, Theory of redox titrations, Redox indicators, Cell representations,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Measurement of electrode potential, Oxidation-reduction curves, Iodimetry and Iodometry,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Titrations involving cerric ammonium sulphate, potassium iodate, potassium bromate, potassium</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
permanganate; titanous chloride, stannous chloride and Sodium 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Precipitation Titrations:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Precipitation reactions, Solubility product, Effect of acids, temperature and solvent upon the</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
solubility of a precipitate, Argentometric titrations and titrations involving ammonium or</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
potassium thiocyanate, mercuric nitrate, and barium sulphate, indicators, Methods of end point</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
determination (GayLussac method, Mohr’s method, Volhard's method and Fajan's method).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Gravimetric Analysis:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Precipitation techniques, The colloidal state, Supersaturation, Co-precipitation, Postprecipitation,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Digestion, washing of the precipitate, Filtration, Filter papers and crucibles,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Ignition, Thermogravimetric curves, Specific examples like barium sulphate, aluminium as</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
aluminium oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Organic precipitants.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Non-aqueous titrations:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Acidic and basic drugs, Solvents used, Indicators.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Complexometric titrations:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Complexing agents used as titrants, Indicators, Masking and demasking;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Diazotization titrations, Kjeldahl method of nitrogen estimation, Karl-Fischer aquametry, Oxygen</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
flask combustion method, Gasometry.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Extraction procedures including separation of drugs from excipients; Potentiometry:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Standard redox potential, Nernst equation, Half-cell potential, Standard and indicating</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
electrodes, potentiometric titrations;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Conductometry:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Specific and equivalent conductance, conductometric titrations.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Coulometry:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Coulomb’s law, Coulometric titrations at fixed potential/current.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Polarography:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Decomposition potential, Half-wave potential, Diffision/migration/migration current, Ilkovic</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
equation, Cathodic/anodic polarography, Dropping mercury electrode, Graphite electrode,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Organic polarography.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Amperometry:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Rotating platinum electrode, Amperometric titrations.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Chromatography:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Theory of chromatography, plate theory, Factors affecting resolution, van Deemter equation. The</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
following chromatographic techniques (including instrumentation) with relevant examples of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Pharmacopoeial products: TLC, HPLC, GLC, HPTLC, Paper Chromatography and Column</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Chromatography.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">The Theoretical Aspects, Basic Instrumentation, Elements of Interpretation of Spectra, and Applications</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
(quantitative and qualitative) of the Following Analytical Techniques:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry, Fluorimetry, Infrared spectrophotometry, Nuclear</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy [proton technique only], Mass Spectrometry (EI & CI only),</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction Analysis,Radioimmunoassay.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Quality assurance:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
GLP, ISO 9000, TQM, Quality Review and Quality documentation, Regulatory control, regulatory</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
drug analysis, interpretation of analytical data, Validation, quality audit: quality of equipment,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
validation of equipment, validation of analytical procedures.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<strong><u><em><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">PHARMACOLOGY</span></em></u></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Pathophysiology of common diseases; Basic Principles of Cell Injury and Adaptations:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Causes of Cellular injury, pathogenesis, morphology of cell injury, adaptations and cell death.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Basic Mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and repair:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation, chemical mediators of inflammation,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, brief outline of the process of repair.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Immunopathophysiology:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
T and B cells, MHC proteins, antigen presenting cells, immune tolerance, pathogenesis of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases, AIDS, Amyloidosis.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Pathophysiology of Common Diseases:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Asthma, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, ulcerative colitis, neoplasia, psychosis, depression,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
mania, epilepsy, acute and chronic renal failure, hypertension, angina, congestive heart failure,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peptic ulcer, anemias, hepatic</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
disorders, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Wherever</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
applicable the molecular basis should be discussed.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Fundamentals of general pharmacology:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Dosage forms and routes of administration, mechanism of action, combined effect of drugs,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
factors modifying drug action, tolerance and dependence; Pharmacogenetics; Principles of Basic</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
and Clinical pharmacokinetics, absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of drugs,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Adverse Drug Reactions; Bioassay of Drugs and Biological Standardization; Discovery and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
development of new drugs, Bioavailability and bioequivalence studies;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Pharmacology of Peripheral Nervous System:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Neurohumoral transmission (autonomic and somatic), Parasympathomimetics,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, Adrenergic receptor and neuron blocking agents,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Ganglion stimulants and blocking agents, Neuromuscular blocking Agents, Local anesthetic</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Agents.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Pharmacology of Central Nervous System:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S., General Anesthetics, Alcohols and disulfiram, Sedatives,</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Hypnotics, Anti-anxiety agents and Centrally acting muscle relaxants, Psychopharmacological</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
agents (anti-psychotics), anti-maniacs, and hallucinogens, Antidepressants, Anti-epileptics drugs,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Anti-Parkinsonian drugs, Analgesics, Antipyretics, Narcotic analgesics and antagonists, C.N.S.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
stimulants, Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Drugs used in the management of congestive cardiac failure, Antihypertensive drugs, Anti-anginal</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
and Vasodilator drugs, including calcium channel blockers and beta adrenergic antagonists, Antiarrhythmic</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
drugs, Anti-hyperlipedemic drugs, Drugs used in the therapy of shock.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Drugs Acting on the Hemopoietic System:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Hematinics, Anticoagulants, Vitamin K and hemostatic agents, Fibrinolytic and anti-platelet</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
drugs, Blood and plasma volume expanders.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Drugs acting on urinary system:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Fluid and electrolyte balance, Diuretics.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Autacoids:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Histamine, Antihistaminic drugs, 5-HT- its agonists and antagonists, Prostaglandins, thromboxanes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
and leukotrienes, Angiotensin, Bradykinin and Substance P and other vasoactive peptides, nonsteroidal</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
anti-inflammatory and anti-gout agents.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Anti-asthmatic drugs including bronchodilators, Anti-tussives and expectorants, Respiratory</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
stimulants.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Drugs acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Antacids, Anti-secretory and Anti-ulcer drugs, Laxatives and anti-diarrhoeal drugs, Appetite</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Stimulants and Suppressants, Emetics and anti-emetics, Miscellaneous: Carminatives, demulcents,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
protectives, adsorbents, astringents, digestants, enzymes and mucolytics.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Pharmacology of Endocrine System:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, Thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs, parathormone,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
calcitonin and Vitamin D, Insulin, glucagons, incretins, oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
analogs, ACTH and corticosteroids, Androgens and anabolic steroids, Estrogens, progesterone and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
oral contraceptives, Drugs acting on the uterus.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Chemotherapy:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
General Principles of Chemotherapy, Bacterial resistance; Sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Antibiotics- Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol, Macrolides,</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Tetracyclines, Quinolones, fluoroquinolones and Miscellaneous antibiotics; Chemotherapy of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, HIV and AIDS, urinary tract infections and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">sexually transmitted diseases, malaria, amoebiasis and other protozoal infections and</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Anthelmentics. Chemotherapy of malignancy and immunosuppressive agents.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Principles of Toxicology:</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Definition of poison, general principles of treatment of poisoning with particular reference to</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">barbiturates, opioids, organophosphorous and atropine poisoning, Heavy metals and heavy metal</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">antagonists.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Basic Concepts of Pharmacotherapy:</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Clinical Pharmacokinetics and individualization of Drug therapy, Drug delivery systems and their</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Biopharmaceutic s & Therapeutic considerations, Drugs used during infancy and in the elderly</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">persons (Pediatrics & Geriatrics), Drugs used during pregnancy, Drug induced diseases, The basicsc</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">of drug interactions, General principles of clinical toxicology, Common clinical laboratory tests</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">and their interpretation.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Important Disorders of Organs, Systems and their Management:</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Cardio-vascular disorders- Hypertension, Congestive heart failure, Angina, Acute myocardial </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">infarction, Cardiac arrhythmias.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">CNS Disorders:</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Epilepsy, Parkinsonism, Schizophrenia, Depression.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Respiratory disease-</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Asthma.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Gastrointestinal Disorders-</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Peptic ulcer, Ulcerative colitis, Hepatitis, Cirrhosis.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Endocrine Disorders-</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Diabetes mellitus and Thyroid disorders.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span><strong></strong>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Infectious Diseases-</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Tuberculosis, Urinary tract infections, Enteric infections, Upper respiratory infections.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Hematopoietic Disorders- Anemias,</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Joint and Connective tissue disorders-</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Rheumatic diseases, Gout and Hyperuricemia.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Neoplastic Diseases-</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Acute Leukaemias, Hodgkin's disease. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Concept of Essential Drugs</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">and Rational Drug use.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<strong><em><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">PHARMACOGNOSY</span></u></em></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Sources of Drugs:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Biological, marine, mineral and plant tissue cultures as sources of drugs;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Classification of Drugs:</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Morphological, taxonomical, chemical and pharmacological classification of drugs;</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Study of medicinally important plants belonging to the families with special reference to:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Apocynacae, Solanaceae, Rutaceae, Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Liliaceae, Graminae,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Labiatae, Cruciferae, Papaveraceae.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Cultivation, Collection, Processing and Storage of Crude Drugs:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants, Types of soils and fertilizers of common use.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Pest management and natural pest control agents, Plant hormones and their applications,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Quality Control of Crude Drugs:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
and biological methods and properties.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Introduction to Active Constituents of Drugs:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Their isolation, classification and properties.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Systematic pharmacognostic study of the followings:</span></b></div>
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></b>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">CARBOHYDRATES and derived products:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
agar, guar gum acacia, Honey, Isabagol, pectin, Starch, sterculia and Tragacanth.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Lipids:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Bees wax, Castor oil, Cocoa butter, Codliver oil, Hydnocarpus oil, Kokum butter, Lard, Linseed</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
oil, Rice Bran oil, Shark liver oil and Wool fat.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">RESINS:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Study of Drugs Containing Resins and Resin Combinations like Colophony, podophyllum, jalap,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
cannabis, capsicum, myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of Tolu, balsam of Peru, benzoin, turmeric,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
ginger.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">TANNINS:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Study of tannins and tannin containing drugs like Gambier, black catechu, gall and myrobalan.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">VOLATILE OILS:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
General methods of obtaining volatile oils from plants, Study of volatile oils of Mentha,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Coriander, Cinnamon, Cassia, Lemon peel, Orange peel, Lemon grass, Citronella, Caraway, Dill,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Spearmint, Clove, Fennel, Nutmeg, Eucalyptus, Chenopodium, Cardamom, Valerian, Musk,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Palmarosa, Gaultheria, Sandal wood;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Phytochemical Screening:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Preparation of extracts, Screening of alkaloids, saponins, cardenolides and bufadienolides,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
flavonoids and leucoanthocyanidins, tannins and polyphenols, anthraquinones, cynogenetic</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
glycosides, amino acids in plant extracts.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">FIBERS:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Study of fibers used in pharmacy such as cotton, silk, wool, nylon, glass-wool, polyester and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
asbestos.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Study of the biological sources, cultivation, collection, commercial varieties, chemical constituents,</span></b></div>
</div>
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features and specific chemical</span></b></b></div>
<b>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span></b>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">tests of following groups of drugs.</span></b></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">GLYCOSIDE CONTAINING DRUGS:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Saponins :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Liquorice, ginseng, dioscorea, sarsaparilla, and senega.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Cardioactive glycosides:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Digitalis, squill, strophanthus and thevetia,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Anthraquinone cathartics:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Aloe, senna, rhubarb and cascara,</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Others:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Psoralea, gentian, saffron, chirata, quassia.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">ALKALOID CONTAINING DRUGS:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Pyridine-piperidine:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Tobacco, areca and lobelia.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">Tropane:</span><strong></strong><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Belladonna, hyoscyamus, datura, duboisia, coca and withania.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Quinoline and Isoquinoline:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Cinchona, ipecac, opium.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Indole:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Ergot, rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux-vomica and physostigma.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Imidazole:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Pilocarpus.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Steroidal:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Veratrum and kurchi.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Alkaloidal Amine:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Ephedra and colchicum.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Glycoalkaloid:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Solanum.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Purines:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Coffee, tea and cola. Biological sources, preparation, identification tests and uses of the</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
following enzymes: Diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin, pancreatin.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Studies of Traditional Drugs: </span></b></b></div>
<b>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span></b>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
</b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<b>
</b>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Common vernacular names, botanical sources, morphology, chemical nature of chief constituents,</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
pharmacology, categories and common uses and marketed formulations of following indigenous</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
drugs: Amla, Kantkari, Satavari, Tylophora, Bhilawa, Kalijiri, Bach, Rasna, Punamava, Chitrack,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Apamarg, Gokhru, Shankhapushpi, Brahmi, Adusa, Atjuna, Ashoka, Methi, Lahsun, Palash, Guggal,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Gymnema, Shilajit, Nagarmotha and Neem. The holistic concept of drug administration in</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
traditional systems of medicine.Introduction to ayurvedic preparations like Arishtas, Asvas,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Gutikas, Tailas, Chumas, Lehyas and Bhasmas.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<b>
</b>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">General Techniques of Biosynthetic Studies and Basic Metabolic Pathways/Biogenesis:</span></b></div>
</div>
<b>
</b>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Brief introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Terpenes:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and triterpenoids.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Carotenoids:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
a-carotenoids, ß-carotenes, vitamin A, Xanthophylls of medicinal importance.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Glycosides:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Digitoxin, digoxin, hecogenin, sennosides, diosgenin and sarasapogenin.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Alkaloids:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Atropine and related compounds, Quinine, Reserpine, Morphine, Papaverine, Ephedrine, Ergot</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
and Vinca alkaloids.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Lignans, quassanoids and flavonoids. Role of plant-based drugs on National economy:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
aromatic plants in India. Utilization and production of phyto-constituents such as quinine, calcium</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
sennosides, podophyllotoxin, diosgenin, solasodine, and tropane alkaloids. Utilization of aromatic</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
plants and derived products with special reference to sandalwood oil, mentha oil, lemon grass oil,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
vetiver oil, geranium oil and eucalyptus oil. World-wide trade in medicinal plants and derived</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
products with special reference to diosgenin (disocorea), taxol (Taxussps) digitalis, tropane</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
alkaloid containing plants, Papain, cinchona, Ipecac, Liquorice, Ginseng, Aloe, Valerian,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Rauwolfia and plants containing laxatives. Plant bitters and sweeteners.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Plant Tissue Culture:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, nutritional requirements,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
growth and their maintenance. Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Marine pharmacognosy:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Novel medicinal agents from marine sources.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Natural allergens and photosensitizing agents and fungal toxins. Herbs as health foods. Herbal cosmetics.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Standardization and quality control of herbal drugs, WHO guidelines for the standardization of herbal drugs.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<strong><em><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span></u></em></strong><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<strong><em><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">PHARMACEUTICS</span></u></em></strong></div>
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<b>
</b>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Introduction to Physical pharmacy</span></b></div>
</div>
<b>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Matter, Properties of Matter:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
State of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heats and vapor pressure, sublimationcritical</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
point, Eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid. Complexes,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
liquid crystals, glassy state, solids- crystalline, amorphous and polymorphism.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Micromeretics and Powder Rheology:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Particle size and distribution, average particle size, number and weight distribution, particle</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
number, methods for determining particle volume, methods of determining particle size- optical</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
microscopy, sieving, sedimentation; measurements of particle shape, specific surface area;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
methods for determining surface area; permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
and interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface active</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency, adsorption at solid interfaces, solid-gas and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interface.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Viscosity and Rheology:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Newtonian systems, Law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature; non-Newtonian</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">systems: pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic; thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, negative</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
thixotropy, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometers.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"> Dispersion Systems:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids, applications of colloids in</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
pharmacy; Suspensions and Emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian motion, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">parameters, wetting of particles, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
considerations; Emulsions-types, theories, physical stability.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Complexation:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Classification of complexes, methods of preparation, analysis, & applications.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Kinetics and Drug Stability:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
General considerations & concepts, half-life determination, Influence of temperature, light,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
solvent, catalytic species and other factors, Accelerated stability study, expiration dating.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Importance of microbiology in pharmacy</span></b></div>
</div>
<b>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Structure of bacterial cell; Classification of microbes and their taxonomy:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Actinomycetes, bacteria, rickettsiae, spirochetes and viruses.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Identification of Microbes:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Stains and types of staining techniques, electron microscopy; Nutrition, cultivation, isolation of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, viruses, etc; microbial genetics and variation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Control of microbes by physical and chemical methods:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Disinfection, factors influencing disinfectants, dynamics of disinfection, disinfectants and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
antiseptics and their evaluation;.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Sterilization:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Different methods, validation of sterilization methods &equipments; Sterility testing of all</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
pharmaceutical products. Microbial assays of antibiotics, vitamins & amino acids.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Immunology and Immunological Preparations:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Principles, antigens and heptans, immune system, cellular/humoral immunity, immunological</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
tolerance, antigen-antibody reactions and their applications. Hypersensitivity, active and passive</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
immunization. Vaccines and sera: their preparation, standardization and storage.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Genetic Recombination:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Transformation, conjugation, transduction, protoplast fusion and gene cloning and their</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
applications.Development of hybridoma for monoclonal antibodies. Study of drugs produced by</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
biotechnology such as Activase, Humulin, Humatrope, HB etc.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Antibiotics:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Historical development of antibiotics. Antimicrobial spectrum and methods used for their</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
standardization. Screening of soil for organisms producing antibiotics, fermenter, its design,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
control of different parameters. Isolation of mutants, factors influencing rate of mutation. Design</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
of fermentation process. Isolation of fermentation products with special reference to penicillins,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
streptomycins, tetracyclines and vitamin B12.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Introduction to pharmaceutical jurisprudence & ethics</span></b></div>
</div>
<b>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Pharmaceutical Legislations:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
A brief review; Drugs & Pharmaceutical Industry - A brief review; Pharmaceutical Education</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">An elaborate study of the followings:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Pharmaceutical Ethics; Pharmacy Act 1948; Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Medicinal & Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955; Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Substances Act 1985 & Rules; Drugs Price Control Order.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
A brief study of the following Acts with special reference to the main provisions and the latest amendments:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Poisons Act 1919; Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954; Medical</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Termination of Pregnancy Act 1970 & Rules 1975; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
States Shops & Establishments Act & Rules; Insecticides Act 1968; AICTE Act 1987; Factories Act</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
1948; Minimum Wages Act 1948; Patents Act 1970.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
A brief study of the various Prescription/Non-prescription Products. Medical/Surgical accessories,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
diagnostic aids, appliances available in the market.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Introduction to dispensing and community pharmacy</span></b></div>
</div>
<b>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Prescription:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Handling of prescription, source of errors in prescription, care required in dispensing procedures</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
including labeling of dispensed products. General dispensing procedures including labeling of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
dispensed products; Pharmaceutical calculations: Posology, calculation of doses for infants,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
adults and elderly patients; Enlarging and reducing recipes percentage solutions, alligation,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic solutions, displacement value etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of :</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Typical prescriptions like mixtures, solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, capsules,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
pastes, jellies, suppositories, ophthalmic, pastilles, lozenges, pills, lotions, liniments, inhalations,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
paints, sprays, tablet triturates, etc.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Incompatibilities:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Physical and chemical incompatibilities, inorganic incompatibilities including incompatibilities of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
metals and their salts, non-metals, acids, alkalis, organic incompatibilities. Purine bases,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
alkaloids, pyrazolone derivatives, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, carbohydrates,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
glycosides, anesthetics, dyes, surface active agents, correction of incompatibilities. Therapeutic</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
incompatibilities.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Community Pharmacy:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Organization and structure of retail and whole sale drug store-types of drug store and design,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
legal requirements for establishment, maintenance and drug store-dispensing of proprietary</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
products, maintenance of records of retail and wholesale, patient counseling, role of pharmacist</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
in community health care and education (First aid, communicable diseases, nutrition, family</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
planning).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Organization and Structure of hospital pharmacy:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Organization of a hospital and hospital pharmacy, Responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Pharmacy and therapeutic committee, Budget preparation and Implementation.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Hospital Formulary:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Contents, preparation and revision of hospital formulary.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Drug Store Management and Inventory Control:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Organization of drug store, Types of materials stocked, storage conditions; Purchase and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Inventory Control principles, purchase procedures, Purchase order, Procurement and stocking.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Drug distribution Systems in Hospitals:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Out-patient dispensing, methods adopted; Dispensing of drugs to in-patients. Types of drug</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
distribution systems. Charging policy, labeling; Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory patients;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Dispensing of controlled drugs, Dispensing of ancillary supplies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Central Sterile Supply Unit and their Management:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Types of materials for sterilization, Packing of materials prior to sterilization, sterilization</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
equipments, Supply of sterile materials.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Manufacture of Sterile and Non-sterile Products:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Policy making of manufacturable items, demand and costing, personnel requirements,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
manufacturing practice, Master formula Card, production control, Manufacturing records.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Drug Information Services:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Sources' of Information on drugs, disease, treatment schedules, procurement of information,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Computerized services (e.g., MEDLINE), Retrieval of information, Medication error- types of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
medication errors, correction and reporting.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Records and Reports:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication profile, cases on drug interaction and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
adverse reactions, idiosyncratic cases. Pharmacoeconomics: Introduction to pharmacoeconomics,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
different methods of pharmacoeconomics, application of pharmacoeconomics.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Pharmacoepidemiology: Definition and scope, method to conduct pharmacoepidemiological</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
studies, advantages & disadvantages of pharmacoepidemiological studies.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Nuclear Pharmacy:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Methods of handling radioisotopes, radioisotope committee.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Importance of unit operations in manufacturing, Stoichiometry:</span></b></div>
</div>
<b>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Unit processes</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Material and energy balances, molecular units, mole fraction, tie substance, gas laws, mole</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
volume, primary and secondary quantities, equilibrium state, rate process, steady and unsteady</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">states, dimensionless equations, dimensionless formulae, dimensionless groups, different types of</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
graphic representation, mathematical problems.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Fluid Flow:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Types of flow, Reynold's number, Viscosity, Concept of boundary layer, basic equations of fluid</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
flow, valves, flow meters, manometers and measurement of flow and pressure.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Heat transfer:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Concept of heat flow, applications of Fourier’s law, forced and natural convection, surface</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
coefficients, boiling liquids, condensing vapors, heat exchangers, heat interchangers, radiation,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
black body, Stefan Boltzmann equation, Kirchoff’s law.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Evaporation:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Basic concept of phase equilibria, factor affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
single effect and multiple effect evaporators, Mathematical problems on evaporation.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Distillation:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Roult's law, phase diagrams, volatility; simple steam and flash distillations, principles of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
rectification, Mc-Cabe Thiele method for calculations of number of theoretical plates, Azeotropic</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
and extractive distillation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Drying:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Moisture content and mechanism of drying, rate of drying and time of drying calculations;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
classification and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
methods.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Size Reduction:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Definition, objectives of size reduction, mechanisms of size reduction, factors affecting size</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
reduction, laws governing energy and power requirements of a mills including ball mill, hammer</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
mill, fluid energy mill. Size separation: Different techniques of size separation, sieves, sieve</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
shakers, sedimentation tank, cyclone separators, bag fillers Etc.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Mixing:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing equipments.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Filtration and Centrifugation:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Theory of filtration, continuous and batch filters, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
including filter press, rotary filter, edge filter, Etc. Factors affecting filtration, filtration,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
and centrifugal sedimenters.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Crystallization:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Characteristics of crystals like-purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms size and factors</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
affecting them, Solubility curves and calculation of yields. Material and heat balances around</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Swenson Walker Crystallizer. Supersaturation, theory and its limitations, Nucleation mechanisms,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Definitions, types, mechanisms of drug penetration, factors influencing penetration, semisolid</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
bases and their selection. General formulation of semisolids, clear gels manufacturing procedure,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
evaluation and packaging;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Suppositories:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Ideal requirements, bases, displacement value, manufacturing procedure, packaging and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
evaluation;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Extraction and Galenical Products:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Principle and method of extraction, preparation of infusion, tinctures, dry and soft liquid</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
extracts;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Blood Products and Plasma Substitutes:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Collection, processing and storage of whole human blood, concentrated human RBCs, dried</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
human plasma, human fibrinogen, human thrombin, human normal immunoglobulin, human</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
fibrin, foam plasma substitutes, -ideal requirements, PVP, dextran Etc. for control of blood</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
pressure as per I.P.;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Pharmaceutical Aerosols:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Definition, propellants, general formulation, manufacturing' and packaging methods,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
pharmaceutical applications;</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Ophthalmic Preparations:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Requirements, formulation, methods of preparation, labeling, containers, evaluation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Cosmeticology and Cosmetic Preparations:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Fundamentals of cosmetic science, structure and functions of skin and hair. Formulation,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
preparation and packaging of cosmetics for skin, hair, dentifrice and manicure preparations like</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
nail polish, nail polish remover, Lipsticks, eye lashes, baby care products Etc.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Capsules:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Advantages and disadvantages of capsule dosage form, material for production of hard gelatin</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
capsules, size of capsules, formulation, method of capsule filling, soft gelatin, capsule shell and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
capsule content, importance of base absorption and minimum/gm factors in soft capsules, quality</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
control, stability testing and storage of capsule dosage forms.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Micro-encapsulation:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Types of microcapsules, importance of microencapsulation in pharmacy, microencapsulation by</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
phase separation, coacervation, multi-orifice, spray drying, spray congealing, polymerization</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
complex emulsion, air suspension technique, coating pan and other techniques, evaluation of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
micro capsules.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Tablets:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Advantages and disadvantages of tablets, Application of different types of tablets, Formulation of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
different types of tablets, granulation, technology on large-scale by various techniques, different</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">types of tablet compression machinery and the equipments employed, evaluation of tablets.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Coating of Tablets: Types of coating, film forming materials, formulation of coating solution,</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
equipments for coating, coating process, evaluation of coated tablets. Stabilityk inetics and</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
quality assurance.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Parenteral Products:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Pre-formulation factors, routes of administration, water for injection, and sterile water for</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
injection, pyrogenicity, non- aqueous vehicles, isotonicity and methods of its adjustment,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Formulation details, Containers and closures and selection, labeling; Pre-filling treatment,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
washing of containers and closures, preparation of solution and suspensions, filling and closing of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
ampoules, vials, infusion fluids, lyophilization & preparation of sterile powders, equipment for</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
large scale manufacture and evaluation of parenteral products; Aseptic Techniques-source of</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
contamination and methods of prevention, Design of aseptic area, Laminar flow bench services</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
and maintenance. Sterility testing of pharmaceuticals.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Surgical products:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Definition, primary wound dressing, absorbents, surgical cotton, surgical gauzes etc., bandages, </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">adhesive tape, protective cellulosic hemostastics, official dressings, absorbable and nonabsorbable </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">sutures, ligatures and catguts.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Packaging of Pharmaceutical Products:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Packaging components, types, specifications and methods of evaluation, stability aspects of </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">packaging. Packaging equipments, factors influence choice of containers, legal and official </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">requirements for containers, package testing.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Designing of dosage forms:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Pre-formulation studies, Study of physical properties of drug like physical form, particle size, </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">shape, density, wetting, dielectric constant. Solubility, dissolution and organoleptic properties </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">and their effect on formulation, stability and bioavailability. Study of chemical properties of </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">drugs like hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemization, polymerization etc., and their influence </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">on formulation and stability of products. Study of pro-drugs in solving problems related to </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">stability, bioavailability and elegancy of formulations. Design, development and process </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">validation methods for pharmaceutical operations involved in the production of pharmaceutical </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">products with special reference to tablets, suspensions. Stabilization and stability testing </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">protocol for various pharmaceutical products.ICH Guidelines for stability testing of formulations.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Performance evaluation methods:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
In-vitro dissolution studies for solid dosage forms methods, interpretation of dissolution data.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Bioavailability studies and bioavailability testing protocol and procedures. In vivo methods of </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">evaluation and statistical treatment.GMP and quality assurance, Quality audit. Design,</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">development, production and evaluation of controlled/sustained/extended release formulations.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<em><strong><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS</span></u></strong></em></div>
</div>
<strong><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span></strong>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Introduction to biopharmaceutics:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Passage of drugs across biological barrier (passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">ion-pair formation and pinocytosis); Factors influencing absorption- biological, physico-chemical,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
physiological and pharmaceutical; Drug distribution in the body, plasma protein binding.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<strong><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">gpattestonline.com</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Pharmacokinetics:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Significance of plasma drug concentration measurement. Compartment model- Definition and </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Scope. Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption - Zero order and first order absorption rate constant </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">using Wagner-Nelson and residual methods. Volume of distribution and distribution coefficient.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Compartment kinetics- One compartment and two compartment models. Determination of </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">pharmacokinetic parameters from plasma and urine data after drug administration by </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">intravascular and oral route. Clearance concept, mechanism of renal clearance, clearance ratio, </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">determination of renal clearance. Extraction ratio, hepatic clearance, biliary excretion, extrahepatic </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">circulation. Non-linear pharmacokinetics with special reference to one compartment </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">model after I.V. drug administration.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Clinical Pharmacokinetics:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
Definition and scope: Dosage adjustment in patients with and without renal and hepatic failure; </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Design of single dose bio-equivalence study and relevant statistics; Pharmacokinetic drug </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">interactions and their significance in combination therapy.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Bioavailability and bioequivalence:</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">Measures of bioavailability, Cmax, tmax, Keli and Area Under the Curve (AUC); Design of single </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">dose bioequivalence study and relevant statistics; Review of regulatory requirements for </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">conducting bioequivalent studies. Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) of drugs.</span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;"></span><br /></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<strong></strong><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<strong><strong><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: large;">gpattestonline.com gpattestonline.com gpattestonline.com </span></strong></strong></div>
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